2,711 pages of Talmud. A gem a day.

Welcome to a whole new book of the Talmud! And it begins with a lovely gem:

The first Mishnah deals with the prohibition of moving an object from a private property to the public domain or vice-versa on Shabbat (one of the forbidden activities). Sounds boring, I know, but keep reading. The page talks about a the home owner being in the house, and a poor person being at the doorway outside of the house and how they might interact.

In the first case, a poor person is pictured as taking something from outside the house, and lifting his hand and placing the item inside the house. If he does this, he has broken Shabbat. Likewise, if the home owner takes something from within the house and places it outside the house, the home owner has broken Shabbat. Then it talks about how, if one of them lifts their hands from their domain into the other, and then the other person then either places or takes something from the hand of the other person – then neither has violated Shabbat.

Okay, so here is why I think it’s a gem. 1) The Mishnah specifically uses the example of a poor person, I don’t think it’s an accident but it there to teach us a higher lesson. 2) In half the cases, the poor person is giving somthing to the home owner.

So, why a “poor” person? While the Rambam explains that the Mishnah simply uses pauper and householder as shorthand to distinguish between ‘the fellow standing inside the private domain’ versus ‘the fellow standing in the public domain’, I think it’s there for a bigger reason. In general, the Talmud has terms for so-and-so such as “ploney” and using the names of the sons of Jacob as “Joe and Jane Dough”. So, I highly doubt “pauper” is used flippantly. According to Rabbi Ovadiah Bartenura also thinks it’s purposeful. He says, lest you think that the obligation of charity might override the mitzvah of Shabbat, our Sages make it clear that Shabbat must still be the guiding principle. But does it?

When I read this, what I see is an attempt to honor Shabbat, make it holy, special, and different – while still making sure that if a person in need is standing before us we open our hands to them. When I read this I see a scene whee one wants to keep Shabbat AND keep the laws of tzedakah.

And what is the poor person giving the home owner?

I don’t know – just as I don’t know what the homeowner is giving the pauper. But I do know that a person is a person and everyone has something to give.

I remember being in 8th grade when my sister brought home these older kids to have dinner with our family (they must have been late teens and early 20s). They were squatters, having drove into town just that week. They were an oddity to me, and I had been leery of them. I pulled my sister to the side, asking her how she could bring them into our house – saying our parents were going to flip out.

We sat down to eat. My dad asked the most obvious question, “Where are you from?”

And so immediately, my parents learned that these young people were wandering from town to town, with no jobs, no home, squatting and trying to find work where they could to get them to the next town.

To my utter amazement, instead of my parents giving my sister as much as a warning look, they proceeded to talk to these kids about all the places they had been. They compared notes with their own travels. They laughed at their stories, refilled their plates, and invited them to stay in our house for the next few days.

They had given my parents the gift of reminiscing, of travel, of a bit of freedom that those with jobs, children, and mortgage don’t have.

They gave me a gift too. I learned that my prejudices are just that – prejudices. And everyone has something to give whether they are on one side of the doorway or the other.

Today’s gem, and the last for this masekhet (tractate)! Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Ashi said that Rav said: Torah scholars have rest neither in this world nor in the World-to-Come, as in both worlds they are constantly progressing, as it is stated: “They go from strength to strength, every one of them appears before God in Zion.”

Rashi adds, “From Yeshiva to Yeshiva, from [Beit] Midrash to Midrash.”

We are expected to work hard in this world. We are expected to work and grow all the days of our life. There is little enjoyment for us when we are not contributing. But what about in the world to come? Heaven?

Have you ever actually imagined heaven? Living in the heaven we see in movies? No responsibilities, all fun, gorging yourself, resting on clouds, always comfortable, always getting whatever you want?

When I think of it I think of the Twilight Zone episode: A Nice Place to Visit, in which a man dies and goes to a place full of gorgeous women, all who are interested in him, and he gambles, something he loved in life, and wins every time. He assumes he is in heaven, but after a while, he starts to go crazy, he is bored out of his mind. That’s when he learns he is not in heaven, but hell.

Milan Kundera, in The Unbearable Lightness of Being, wrote: “The heaviest of burdens crushes us, we sink beneath it, it pins us to the ground. But in love poetry of every age, the woman longs to be weighed down by the man’s body.The heaviest of burdens is therefore simultaneously an image of life’s most intense fulfillment. The heavier the burden, the closer our lives come to the earth, the more real and truthful they become. Conversely, the absolute absence of burden causes man to be lighter than air, to soar into heights, take leave of the earth and his earthly being, and become only half real, his movements as free as they are insignificant. What then shall we choose? Weight or lightness?”

A life of meaning is a life of responsibility, of weight. We value what we work for, and we work for what we value. You want heaven on earth? Try and grow every day. Do everything you do to the best of your ability. Push yourself.

You want heaven in the world to come? I imagine it would be similar to this world at its most ideal moments, and yet more balanced and fair. But it couldn’t be heavenly if there wasn’t room to grow, to work, to make meaning, to be tied to things that matter, to love, to learn, to yearn and to accomplish.

Today’s gem: “Bar Kappara taught . . . and where there is no man, there be a man; Abaye said: Infer from this that where there is a man, there do not be a man.“

I like this for many reasons. One is that I am practicing humility this week, and one of the meditations that mussar practice offers is: “No more than my space, no less than my place.” Usually, we think of humility as a kind of shrinking, but in reality, it’s taking up the proper amount of space. So, one way of looking at this daf is: In a place where no one else can fill a particular role – fill it! Lean in! And then Abaye adds that if there is someone else who can fill that role – let them! Make space!

But there are other ways of reading this. Such as, when other people are acting in an indifferent or cowardly fashion, stand up and be a brave human being. Don’t give in to peer pressure. Do the right thing even if others aren’t.

It could also mean that one should act as a decent person even when there are no others around . . . in a place where there literally are no men. God may be always watching but, as we have seen on previous dapim (pages) many of us care less for God’s opinion than for that of our neighbors. One of my previous co-workers, Rabbi Judy Kempler, used to have a sign in her office that read, “I’m watching – God.” If you believe it or not, it is true that it matters how we behave, even if others are not watching, because it shapes our character – who we are and how we feel about who we are.

Today we have one of the most amusing stories as the gem, which really teaches an important lesson still today. After talking about rabbis who followed their teachers into the bathroom to learn how to behave properly when going #2, we read:

“Rav Kahana entered and lay beneath Rav’s bed. He heard Rav chatting and laughing with his wife, and seeing to his needs, i.e., having relations with her. Rav Kahana said out loud: The mouth of Abba, Rav, is like one whom has never eaten a cooked dish, i.e., his behavior was lustful. Rav said to him: Kahana, you are here? Leave, as this is an undesirable mode of behavior. Rav Kahana said to him: It is Torah, and I must learn!”

Yes, it’s a bit much. However, we learn a lot from this. We learn that sex is not just for procreation (I remember teaching this to an Intro to Judaism class where one of the students had grown up Orthodox, she was shocked! But it’s true). We learn that it’s proper to connect emotionally with our partners before we connect physically. We learn it’s not just okay, but good and healthy to desire our partners. We learn that there is a holy way to have sexual relations.

This voyeurism is a bit of an old-school talk about the birds and the bees. Why I like it is because we are so uncomfortable sharing with our children what a healthy sexual relationship looks like. Instead, we just want to say “don’t do it!” and, unfortunately either they do, or sadly, when they are intimate in appropriate relationships they still feel shame.

I would never encourage hiding under the bed, but what a great lesson in what a healthy relationship looks like. In making sure your partner is enjoying herself, that there is intimacy of the heart before intimacy of the body, or recognition that this is sacred and should not be shared with others.

Maybe this is how I will talk to my boys about it when it’s time – by having them study Talmud. Much healthier than how most of our kids are learning, from each other and from pornography. Rav is a much healthier route.

Today’s gem involves a lot of text from the daf, but I love it so much.

“Rav Naḥman bar Rav Ḥisda interpreted homiletically: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Then the Lord God formed [vayyitzer] man” (Genesis 2:7), with a double yod? . . . Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar, as Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar said: The Holy One, Blessed be He, created two faces [du partzufin] on Adam the first human; Adam was created both male and female in a single body, as it is stated: “You have formed me [tzartani] behind and before” (Psalms 139:5); tzartani is derived from the word tzura [face]. God formed two faces on a single creation. . . It is stated: “And the tzela which the Lord, God, had taken from Adam, God made a woman, and brought her unto the man” (Genesis 2:22). . . according to the one who said that Eve was a face, that is why it is written: “And God took one of his sides and closed up the place with flesh in its place” (Genesis 2:21), as it was necessary to close the side that was open.”

So, this text explains why Genesis 1 says, “male and female God created them.” and then in Genesis 2 we read, “Adam was alone in the garden.”

I love this text because it tells a creation story of the ideal person as having both male and female attributes, as being a whole person. But that this perfect person was alone and could not find a suitable mate. So, God put the person to sleep, and split the person in two. Adam was finally capable of love when he literally saw his other half before him.

It is a text of equality. It is a text that teaches that we are only open to love when we are honest about our brokenness and when we’ve made room for another person.

It’s a text that holds up inter-sexed individuals, gender fluid, and those who embrace both their masculine and feminine sides as closer to what the Divine intended.

And it tells a truth about how we need to learn to love ourselves before we can really love others.

So many gems for one day!

texts that tell us to go to the doctor, that if a woman orgasms before her husband they will conceive a boy, the bathroom prayer, the nisim bechol yom (daily miracles that we tend to take for granted), and the story of Rabbi Akiva, who says – everything God does God does for the good, and proceeds to tell a story where no one in the town he was visiting would put him up for the night so he had to sleep in a field. He had a candle, rooster, and donkey with him. The wind blew out the candle, a cat ate the rooster, and a lion ate his donkey – but this is for the good too as solders came into the town and carried the inhabitants away. Rabbi Akiva was safe as he was in a field with no light and no noise animal to give away his whereabouts.

But what’s the gem I want to focus on? “״אֱלֹהַי, נְשָׁמָה שֶׁנָּתַתָּ בִּי טְהוֹרָה My God, the soul You have placed within me is pure.“

This is an important concept in Judaism: We are all born with pure souls. And everyday we have the opportunity to expand our souls or tarnish them, depending on how we interact with the world. And everyday, according to our faith, we can repent, we can change, we can dust off and polish our souls. Each morning we wake up. We take a breath (neshimah) and connect to our pure souls (neshamah). In that breath we connect to the breath that God breathed into Adam. (Scientifically speaking, when we breathe in, we breathe in atoms that may have, indeed, been breathed by our first homosapien ancestor.) And with that breath we are told to give thanks for the purity of our souls.

It’s why Jews don’t do baptism at birth. We are born with pure souls. We believe everyone is. It’s like the teacher who says that “You are starting this class with an A, it’s your job to keep it up.” And if you do mess up, you do make up assignments to make up for it. It’s a nice place to start – feeling loved, clean, enough, miraculously made.

I wish that feeling for everyone.

“When the Holy One, Blessed be God, sought to bring a flood into the world, God took two stars from Pleiades and brought the flood upon the world. And afterward, when God wished to fill the void, God took two stars from Ursa Major and filled the void with them. Why not the same two stars to fill in the gap? A pit cannot be filled by its own earth; Alternatively, a prosecutor cannot become an advocate;“

On today’s daf, the rabbis use a proverbial expression teaching that items that were once instruments of destruction, cannot be used to bring reparation.

There is something about this that is sticking with me. I think it’s the image of digging a hole, and the earth that was removed is somehow, not enough to fill the hole that was dug.

I think this has a deep lesson to teach about how reparation is much more work than destruction. It reminds me of something I learned in a class once (and that I now found in a quick google search at this site: https://www.gottman.com/blog/the-magic-relationship-ratio-according-science/)

“Dr. Gottman and Robert Levenson began doing longitudinal studies of couples in the 1970s. They asked couples to solve a conflict in their relationship in 15 minutes, then sat back and watched. After carefully reviewing the tapes and following up with them nine years later, they were able to predict which couples would stay together and which would divorce with over 90% accuracy.

“Their discovery was simple. The difference between happy and unhappy couples is the balance between positive and negative interactions during conflict. There is a very specific ratio that makes love last.

“That “magic ratio” is 5 to 1. This means that for every negative interaction during conflict, a stable and happy marriage has five (or more) positive interactions.

‘“When the masters of marriage are talking about something important,” Dr. Gottman says, “they may be arguing, but they are also laughing and teasing and there are signs of affection.”’

They put more in than they take out. From this we learn that, if you want to have a successful relationship, you have to have at least 5 genuine compliments for every slight. You have to have work for positive interactions.

I think the pit that can’t be filled by the earth in the Talmud is like this. After a fight, or harsh words, we need something extra, not just a “sorry” but something more to repair the damage. We can’t undo what has been done. It needs to be made up for, and made up for 5 fold.

Today’s Gem is such a good one for us: Ben Zoma would say: How much effort did Adam the first man exert before he found bread to eat: He plowed, sowed, reaped, sheaved, threshed, winnowed in the wind, separated the grain from the chaff, ground the grain into flour, sifted, kneaded, and baked and only thereafter he ate. And I, on the other hand, wake up and find all of these prepared for me. Human society employs a division of labor, and each individual benefits from the service of the entire world. Similarly, how much effort did Adam the first man exert before he found a garment to wear? He sheared, laundered, combed, spun and wove, and only thereafter he found a garment to wear. And I, on the other hand, wake up and find all of these prepared for me. Members of all nations, merchants and craftsmen, diligently come to the entrance of my home, and I wake up and find all of these before me.

Ben Zoma lived in the first and second century C.E. and said a special blessing because he recognized all the hard work that goes into his food, his clothing, his home, and everything he uses on a daily basis – and how all he needs to do is “wake up and find all these prepared for me.” All the more so it is for us today. We wear clothing made on the other side of the planet, have fresh strawberries year round in our grocery stores – but we don’t even need to go to the store! Everything, from clothing, to groceries, to gourmet meals can show up at our doors with the tap of a finger. Sometimes, we don’t even need the tap as things become more and more automated.

What I love about this daf is that it reminds us that we live in an incredible time of convenience – and that is a blessing and deserves recognition and our prayers.

It also reminds us that all these things that are just there for us when we wake up – take so much time and effort to produce. One of my favorite authors, A.J. Jacobs, was getting coffee one day when he was trying to be more grateful. So, he decided he wanted to thank the barista. But that wasn’t enough, he wanted to thank every person who helped to produce his morning cup of coffee. In his book, Thanks a Thousand, he tracks his journey across the globe in his attempt to thank all the hundreds of people that worked to produce this cup of Jo that he just wakes up and gets to enjoy. It also tells of his spiritual growth upon this journey, and about how gratitude leads to more happiness. So, think about what you’re wearing, or the coffee you’re drinking while reading this, and what a blessing it was to be able to wake up and find it there for you.

Give a blessing. Give thanks. There are hundreds of people who have made your life easier, most of whom you will never meet. What a blessing.

Today’s gem: “Shabbat is one-sixtieth of the World-to-Come“

The “Wold-to-Come” is the life that follows this life. It’s often said Jews don’t have heaven or hell, that’s not necessarily so, our heaven and hell don’t look very much like those depicted in popular (Christian) culture, but we have them. What we talk about is the world to come. The world to come is a more balanced world. A good world. A world with study and understanding. It’s Jewish heaven.

No one knows what heaven will be like, but we do know that Shabbat is 1/60th of it – it’s a taste.

What if you had good wine, good food, good friends all together, singing, eating, rejoicing, loving, and talking about things that really matter? What if you were with people you love? Blessing your children? Being blessed? Blessing your partner, being intimate with your partner? What if you had no where you had to rush off to? No phone serving as a leash and pulling you out of the moment? What if you were fully present – if everyone were fully present with one another? Does it sound like a slice of heaven? Because that’s Shabbat.

Rabbi Naomi Levy, in her book, Einstein and the Rabbi, talks about counciling a couple who were thinking of divorce. When she asked them to describe their lives, they talked about their jobs, their kids, their hobbies – but they didn’t talk about their spouse. They were merely roommates. Her solution? She asked them to keep Shabbat.

Now, you are likely reacting like they did – keep Shabbat? That’s not going to work. Well, Rabbi Levy said: What do you have to lose?

The next time she saw them, they were like two kids who had just fallen in love – because they had. Shabbat forced them to turn off the distractions, sit and have good food and good conversation with one another. And they fell back in love.

Powerful stuff this Shabbat.

No wonder it’s 1/60th of the world to come.

Dream a little dream . . .

Todays daf is largely about dreams, and includes an interesting story around a dream interpreter called Bar Haddaya. His interpretations came true, but when someone brought him a dream, if they paid him, he would interpret the dream positively, if they did not pay him, he interpreted the dream negatively – even if it was the exact same dream. Then we read that “one day when Rav was going on a ship with bar Haddayah, that “As bar Haddaya was climbing onto the ship a book fell from him. Rava found it and saw: All dreams follow the mouth, written therein. He said to bar Haddaya: Scoundrel. It was dependent on you, and you caused me so much suffering.”

Rav sees that bar Haddaya wasn’t just saying what he saw in the dream, he was choosing whether to make a positive or negative interpretation and is upset because he interpreted so many dreams badly for Rav! Then we hear that bar Haddaya exiled himself. When in Rome, it seems he has somewhat learned his lesson. When he is asked to interpret dreams, he asks for a zuz. When the man won’t give it to him, he remains silent. However, in the end, Bar Haddaya ends up in trouble again because he could have given a warning to the king by interpreting the dream, but didn’t. He meets a gory end where two cedars are tied to either side of his body and he is torn in two.

The gem? besides an incredibly entertaining story, I would say we have a few good lessons. 1) You get what you pay for. While it seems messed up that bar Haddaya would give such bad fortunes to those who did not pay him, we also have to wonder why Rav, who was wealthy, didn’t pay this man for his services. If you want someone to do a good job, you should pay them their due for their talents. 2) If you have information that could prevent a loss, but you don’t share it, you are liable. If you can warn someone and save them, but don’t, you’re not innocent – you’re accountable. And 3) Don’t trust dream interpreters. As we see from bar Haddaya’s book that falls out of his pocket – the only time it seems that an interpretation of a dream has come true – it’s because the interpreter put the idea in your head and now you are looking to find it in real life. Many verses back up the idea that dream interpreters are quacks, but it was sure entertaining reading about them on today’s daf!